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Emotional Sensitivity and Intensity: How to manage intense emotions as a highly sensitive person - learn more about yourself with this life-changing self help book

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You have a sense that you are not reaching your full potential, and you are ready for your unique gifts and creative calling. Goto, N., & Karasawa, M. (2011). Identification with a wrongful subgroup and the feeling of collective guilt. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 14(4), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2011.01348.x. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1985). Age and sex effects for emotional intensity. Developmental Psychology, 21(3), 542–546. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.21.3.542. To evaluate the recognition of more discrete facial emotion expressions, studies in children and adults used a morphing technique to simulate facial muscular movement during a particular expression. This is achieved by progressively moving the position of the features from the neutral face expression over several sequences, usually varying by 5% to 10%, toward their position in an intense emotional face expression (100%) or above [ 17]. Several studies have been conducted in neurotypical (NT) adults reporting that older adults present more difficulties compared to younger ones in naming or matching low intensity face emotion expressions, 50%, but not for high intensity, 100% [ 18, 19, 20, 21]. A few developmental studies used morphed facial expressions and showed that young children had more difficulties in accurately decoding subtle expressions. One study [ 22] used four levels of emotion intensity (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) in children age 4 to 15 years. Results showed no relation between age and level of intensity, but differences in performances regarding the lowest and highest intensities of emotion expressions (sadness, anger, happiness, fear and disgust) were observed. Authors concluded that intensifications were too narrow to apprehend the variations in the mid-range intensity. Some authors used even the finest intensity measures (20 levels) with 5% of increment [ 23, 24]. The results indicated that young children recognized low intensities of happiness but were less accurate at identifying sadness and fearful expressions until age 10, even for higher intensity (100%). The recognition of surprise, disgust, and fear continued to improve between age 5 and 10 years, but an increase in sensitivity to sadness and anger was observed even after age 10, and into adulthood. Thomas, De Bellis, Graham and LaBar [ 25] used six intermediate intensities (at 11 degrees) and asked participants to decide if faces expressed emotion or not (angry versus neutral; fearful versus neutral). Results showed a significant difference only between adults (age 25 to 57) and children (age 7–13) regarding fear expression, and between adults, children and adolescents (aged 14 to 18 years) regarding anger expression. Although the results provided some new information, the difference between age groups was too wide and intensity increments too narrow to identify variation across childhood and adolescence. Finally, Rodger, Lao and Caldara [ 26] used a psychophysiological approach to study the developmental trajectory regarding the emotion expression recognition, from age 6 up to adulthood. They first assessed the number of signals necessary to recognize expressions at high intensity; secondly, they quantified the level of expression intensity necessary for each participant to recognize an emotional expression. Both measures revealed that happiness was the easiest to recognize for all age groups, while fear showed to be more difficult. The recognition of other emotions (sadness, anger, disgust, and surprise) develops progressively, showing a decrease with age in the quantity of signal and intensity required to recognize these expressions. The analysis also indicated that intensity and signal processing are similar only during adulthood. The authors concluded that the developmental trajectory during childhood for recognition of full-intensity emotional expressions might be different from the recognition of varied-intensity expressions.

Walker, S., O’Connor, D. B., & Schaefer, A. (2011). Brain potentials to emotional pictures are modulated by alexithymia during emotion regulation. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 463–475. Our results are in accordance with most studies confirming that recognition of high intensity face emotion expressions significantly improves with age and that an uneven developmental pattern across emotions was impacted by the task modality between age 4 and 6. Results also indicated a slower development of accurate decoding of low intensity expressions compared to high intensity. The children aged 4 to 10 and 12-year-olds identified high intensity emotion expressions significantly better than those of low intensity. Furthermore, the high intensity of happiness was better recognized than low intensity until age 11, while children age 4 to 12 had difficulties discriminating between high and low intensities of sadness. Our results could be of particular interest to professionals and researchers working in the field of socio-emotion development. Indeed, improving the abilities to detect more subtle changes in face expressions could have a positive impact on socio-emotion development. It could support young children in their abilities to discriminate between different emotion expressions and in turn, elicit more adapted responses to some social situations [ 58, 59]. It could also be interesting for older children to develop their abilities to decode low intensity expressions, as this would allow them to better identify and understand more subtle emotions. This could facilitate the development of their socio-emotion competences by supporting the development of positive peer interaction and friendship, as well as emotion regulation abilities [ 1, 58, 60].Fujimura, T., Sato, W., & Suzuki, N. (2010). Facial expression arousal level modulates facial mimicry. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 76(2), 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.02.008.

Consistent with the literature, our results also demonstrated that the impact of intensity level varied according to the type of emotion. Our children recognized high intensity happiness better than low intensity until age 11. Several studies have reported that children between age 5 and 6 recognized high intensity happy expressions similarly to adults [ 5], while sensitivity to lower intensity happy expressions develops between age 4 and 15 [ 35]. In contrast, Gao and Maurer [ 23] reported that, by age 5, children were as sensitive as adults, even for low intensity happiness expressions, reaching a ceiling-level performance from age 5. Regarding sadness, all our children (4 to 12 years old) had difficulties discriminating between high and low intensity expressions, contrary to the adult group. Gao and Maurer [ 23] reported that children were less accurate in identifying sad and fearful expressions until age 10, even for higher intensity, and only reached adults’ occurrence for fear at age 10. Rutter, et al. [ 32] reported that sensitivity to intensity for happiness, anger and fear expressions improved throughout adolescence and early adulthood, but sensitivity to anger expression developed in a steeper manner during early and mid-adolescence. According to the authors, their results strongly support specific life-span changes for each of the three emotions that could not be attributed to task-related confounds (e.g., ceiling effect for happiness recognition), unlike some previous studies [ 23]. A similar pattern of performances has been observed by a few studies that assessed all basic emotion expressions. Gao and Maurer [ 24] reported that sensitivity to low intensity sadness and anger expressions still improved even after age 10 and into adulthood, while sensitivity to intensity of surprise, disgust, and fear increased between age 5 and 10. Using a psychophysiological approach, Rodger, et al. [ 26] observed that recognition of lower intensity happiness expressions was the easiest to recognize, while fear was most difficult across all three adolescent groups (13–14, 15–16 and 17–18-year-olds) and the adult group. The authors concluded that this pattern proved to be stable from early childhood, but recognition of lower intensity expressions of sadness, anger, disgust and surprise develops progressively with age. Most importantly, the authors observed that, in contrast to adults, the childhood development for recognition of full intensity emotional expressions seems to follow a different trajectory from those with varied intensity. In line with the literature, our results indicated a slower development in the accurate decoding of low intensity facial expressions during childhood in comparison with high intensity expressions. This was true even for emotions that are recognized from an early age such as happiness. Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 261–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x. The Mood Awareness Scale (MAS; Swinkels and Giuliano, 1995) consists of 10 items that evaluate the attention toward one’s mood states. The MAS is subdivided into two subscales: the mood labeling subscale (5 items; e.g., Right now I know what kind of mood I’m in) evaluates the ability to identify, categorize or give a name to feelings ( Swinkels and Giuliano, 1995); the mood monitoring subscale (5 items; e.g., I find myself thinking about my mood during the day) assesses the degree of focus or vigilance on the affective states of an individual. Items are rated on a 6-point Likert-scale, ranging from 1 (disagree very much) to 6 (agree very much). The scores for each scale are calculated by summing the corresponding items, and the total score is calculated by summing over all the items. In the current sample, the MAS showed good consistency (Cronbach’s α: 0.70–0.79). Range and Differentiation of Emotional Experience Scale (RDEES) This book is for you. Learn how to cope with intense feelings, and discover how to use your sensitivity, empathy and intelligence to live a meaningful and fulfilling life. Previous theoretical models and empirical studies suggest that two different but complementary processes influence the disposition to understand and attend to physiological and emotional states ( Boden and Thompson, 2017; Murphy et al., 2019). Our results support and extend this distinction by showing that these independent processes similarly relate to both physiological and emotional states. Within the framework of TCE, the Sensibility factor may be associated with individual differences in conceptualization, whereas Monitoring may be associated with individual differences in attentional processes. However, future studies that combine self-report measures with objective and/or physiological correlates are needed to provide more insights into the distinction between these components. Association Between Sensibility and Emotional Granularity, Well-Being, and AdaptabilityUnderstand Emotional Sensitivity will give you in-depth information about emotional intensity and its overlapping traits, as well as practical advice to help with daily struggles. Written in a friendly and compassionate tone, it has much to reveal about who you are, why you feel the way you do, and how you can be more resilient and reach your full potential. Easy to read, accessible and jargon-free, it will answer questions raised by many emotionally intense individuals: The Monitoring factor reflects a general tendency to devote attentional resources to the internal physiological and emotional states of an individual. The role of selective and executive attention is crucial in the construction and experience of emotions ( Barrett, 2017a; Smith et al., 2019). Which aspect of the ongoing processing the attention is deployed to, e.g., either to the bodily changes, or the surrounding environment, may have a strong influence on the interpretation of the current state of an individual ( Barrett et al., 2004). Emotional intensity is not an illness or a problem to be solved, but a unique personal trait, a gift in its own right. This book is for you if: Nevertheless, a few studies that assessed the identification of lower intensity emotion expressions in children offer more nuanced comprehension of developmental trends of emotion recognition abilities during childhood. The sensitivity to a more subtle intensity of emotion expressions could help children to infer others’ feelings more precisely, which could be predictive of success in encoding emotion information [ 2, 15, 16]. Monitoring scores were also negatively related to emotional intensity. This result indicates that a higher tendency to focus on the emotions of an individual was associated with lower experienced emotional intensity. Previous studies found that focusing on emotional aspects during the experience or retrieval of an emotional event increases the experienced emotional intensity and arousal, whereas focusing on non-emotional aspects of the event decreases the emotional intensity and arousal ( Denkova et al., 2015; Iordan et al., 2019; Dolcos et al., 2020a, b). Based on that, the current findings suggest that participants with a higher tendency to focus on their emotions during the experience of an emotional episode, may invest their attentional resources in different aspects of the emotional event (i.e., what causes the emotion, what emotion is felt), reducing the experienced emotional intensity. Limitations and Future Considerations

Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006). The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the in-group’s moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 698–711. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.698. Imi is the founder of Eggshell Therapy - a practice that is dedicated to serving emotionally intense people. Though it is based in London, her work has attracted interest and clients from all around the UK and the world. Emotional experience was induced by way of two different tasks, allowing us to measure emotional intensity, arousal, and granularity scores (see Analysis section). Emotion Differentiation Task Neither granularity scores for positive nor negative emotions showed a significant association with the factor scores. For positive emotions: Monitoring: t(84) = −1.0, p = 0.31, β = −0.109; Sensibility: t(84) = −0.50, p = 0.61, β = −0.056; Monitoring × Sensibility: t(84) = −0.05, p = 0.96, β = −0.01. For negative emotions: Monitoring: t(84) = −0.5, p = 0.61, β = −0.054; Sensibility: t(84) = 0.45, p = 0.65, β = 0.05; Monitoring × Sensibility: t(84) = 0.89, p = 0.39, β = 0.09. Day Reconstruction Method (DRM)

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In summary, in the current study, we used self-report measures of interoception and emotional conceptualization to investigate how they interact in moderating different aspects of the emotional experience, namely, emotional intensity, arousal, and granularity. The interrelation between interoception and emotional conceptualization scales revealed two latent constructs that differently moderate the emotional experience. The Sensibility factor, which reflects beliefs of the accuracy of an individual in detecting internal (i.e., physiological and emotional) states, predicted higher granularity for negative words. The Monitoring factor, interpreted as the tendency to focus on the internal states of an individual, was negatively related to emotional granularity, intensity, and diminished psychological well-being. Additionally, the two factors showed differential associations with measures of well-being and adaptability. Sensibility scores were more strongly associated with greater well-being and adaptability than Monitoring scores. Thus, within inference accounts of emotion, these two factors could be interpreted as part of the intertwined components t Previous studies investigating how individual differences in interoception and emotional conceptualization may relate to emotional experience focused on three main aspects: emotional intensity, activation or arousal, and granularity. Emotional intensity is defined as the strength with which a particular emotion is felt, ranging from high (e.g., “extremely happy”) to low (e.g., “not happy at all”). Emotional activation or arousal is a more general term encompassing the degree of activation in a specific situation and typically ranges from calm to active or excited (e.g., Lang et al., 1990; Cacioppo and Berntson, 1994; Reisenzein, 1994; Barrett and Russell, 1999; Kuppens et al., 2013). Although emotional intensity and arousal may overlap, emotional arousal is not always associated with high intensity, for instance, emotions such as satisfaction or sadness can be experienced with high intensity under low arousal states ( Kuppens et al., 2013). Emotional granularity is defined as the ability to precisely differentiate emotions. People with high emotional granularity are able to label their emotional experience in precise terms (i.e., distinguishing between experiencing “sadness” and “compassion”) whereas those with low emotional granularity tend to use the same terms to describe different experiences (i.e., differentiating only between feeling “good” or “bad”; Lindquist and Barrett, 2008). Reisenzein, R. (1994). Pleasure-arousal theory and the intensity of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 525–539. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.525.

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